How Can I Create
a Rain Garden?
A rain garden is a shallow depression filled with
flood-tolerant shrubs, flowers and grasses. Its
main functions are to collect and filter stormwater
runoff, but rain gardens also add beauty
to the landscape and may attract butterflies and
birds.
The Benefits
Whether you live in the city or along a lake or
river, managing stormwater runoff is important.
Rooftops, roads, driveways, and sidewalks are
hard surfaces that prevent rainwater and melting
snow from reaching the soil and soaking into the
ground. These hard surfaces also tend to collect
nutrient-rich yard and pet debris, oil and radiator
fluid from autos, and other debris and pollutants.
During a rain event or snow melt, fast-moving
runoff washes the nutrient-rich debris and other
harmful pollutants away, often directly into lakes,
rivers, and wetlands. The greater amount and
increased speed of water flowing off hard surfaces
can erode soil and carry it into our surface waters.
In the summer, runoff is often warmed as it flows
over hard surfaces. If the warm runoff enters
lakes and rivers directly, it can affect aquatic life.
A rain garden is one way to address all of these
problems. Rain gardens are designed to collect
stormwater runoff, preventing the runoff from
flowing directly into lakes, rivers, and wetlands.
They allow runoff to soak into the soil, filtering
out pollutants before entering the groundwater.
Rain gardens also allow sediments to settle and
plants to absorb nutrients.
Design and Placement of
Rain Gardens
It is best to sketch a design before you start
diggin g. Rain garden designs can be simple or
elaborate, depending on your gardening interest
and experience. When designing a rain garden
consider garden placement, the size you need,
the shape you want, the soil type, and the plants
you’d like to include. You may need to design
more than one rain garden into your landscape
to accommodate the runoff.
First, determine areas of your property that are
suitable for a rain garden. These will generally be
low areas that are the recommended distance
away from other features. Rain gardens should
be placed 10 feet or more away from buildings
to prevent foundations and basements from
being damaged by water. The rain garden should
also be placed 35 feet or more from septic system
drain fields, 50 feet or more from drinking water
wells and well away from utility lines.
Next, test the soil in areas that are both suitable and near the sources of runoff. The kind of soil in which you construct the rain garden is of utmost importance. Remember, the purpose of rain gardens is to absorb and filter runoff water, so the soils need to be porous enough to soak up water within 48 hours. Forty-eight hours is the standard because it’s likely to be the shortest period between two rainstorms; and will prevent garden plants from drowning and rain gardens from becoming mosquito breeding grounds. A simple test of a soil’s ability to absorb water is to dig a wide hole 10 inches deep and fill it with water; if the water disappears within 48 hours, the site is suitable for a rain garden. If your first site fails the 48-hour test, test the soil at other potential rain garden sites on your property.
Rain Garden Shape and Size
Rain gardens can be designed in any shape- crescent or kidney shapes are attractive - but a long and narrow rain garden may be better suited if you are placing it between structures, such as a house and sidewalk.
The size of your rain garden will depend upon the size of the roof, driveway, or other hard surface being drained. Typical rain gardens range from 100 to 300 square feet in size and, as a rule of thumb, will handle the runoff from a hard surface that is about three times their size. For larger surfaces, more than one rain garden may be needed to handle the runoff. For example, large roof tops may need a rain garden near each down spout
Selecting Plants
Choose plants appropriate for the soil type in your rain garden and that will also tolerate standing water for up to 48 hours. Many native plant species are well suited for rain gardens. If you are constructing a rain garden near a lakeshore or riverbank, you may be required to use native plants, depending upon local ordinances—so check with your local Soil and Water Conservation District. For recommendations on rain garden plants, see the websites below.
Constructing and Planting a Rain Garden
Once the size, shape, and location of the rain garden has been decided and plants have been selected, construction can begin. Lay out a rope or garden hose in the desired shape to use as a guide for digging. The depth of the depression may vary from 4 inches to 10 inches. For best infiltration the bottom of the rain garden should be level. If your garden is placed on a slope, use the soil from digging to create a berm on the downhill side of the rain garden. Excess soil should be removed from the site.
If you want to know more about Rain Gardens, please visit these websites:
http://clean-water.uwex.edu/pubs/raingarden/rgmanual.pdf.
http://www.pca.state.mn.us/publications/wq-strm8-14af.pdf
Source: University of Minnesota
Extension Service Faculty.
